Languages Spoken in Georgia: Map and County Data

0%
33.5%

According to the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, about 1.3 million people age 5 and older in Georgia speak a language other than English at home, representing 13.6% of the state’s population age 5+. Spanish is the most spoken non-English language, with about 741,000 speakers, followed by African languages and Chinese.

Most Spoken Non-English Languages in Georgia

The most spoken non-English languages in Georgia are Spanish, African languages, and Chinese. Spanish is spoken at home by about 741,000 people, or roughly 7.9% of the state’s population age 5+.

#1 non-English language
Spanish
About 741,000 speakers
#2 non-English language
African languages
About 55,500 speakers
#3 non-English language
Chinese
About 47,100 speakers

Key Language Findings for Georgia

About 1.3 million people in Georgia speak a language other than English at home, representing 13.6% of residents age 5 and older.

The most spoken non-English languages in Georgia are Spanish, African languages, and Chinese.

Spanish is the most spoken non-English language in Georgia, with about 741,000 speakers, representing roughly 7.9% of residents age 5 and older.

Gwinnett County has the largest Spanish-speaking population in Georgia, with about 144,000 speakers.

Gwinnett County has the largest population speaking a language other than English at home, with more than 267,000 residents.

While Spanish is the most spoken non-English language statewide, another language leads in 9 of the 159 Georgia counties, including German in Towns County.

How Language Use Varies Across Georgia Counties

Language patterns differ sharply by county. Spanish is the leading non-English language across most of Georgia, but county-level rankings show large local communities speaking African languages, Vietnamese, Korean, Chinese, other Asian languages, French, German, and other languages.

Gwinnett County has both the largest number of residents speaking a language other than English at home and the highest share relative to its age-5+ population, at 33.5%. In Towns County, German is the leading non-English language, showing how statewide rankings can differ substantially at the local level.

English Proficiency and Language Access in Georgia

Speaking a language other than English at home does not necessarily mean someone has limited English proficiency. Census table B16001 also separates language groups by whether residents report speaking English "very well" or less than "very well," providing additional context for organizations planning language access services. For a broader look at limited English proficiency across the country, explore Boostlingo's LEP State Map.

Plan Language Access Around the Communities You Serve

Boostlingo helps healthcare, government, education, legal, and business organizations connect people with interpreting and translation services across hundreds of languages.

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Most Spoken Languages in Georgia by County

Search or sort the full county dataset to compare the share of residents speaking a language other than English at home and the six most spoken non-English languages in each county.

County % Other Language Other-Language Speakers #1 Language #2 Language #3 Language #4 Language #5 Language #6 Language Population Age 5+
Gwinnett County
33.5%
267,380Spanish
144,073
Korean
19,938
Vietnamese
15,614
Chinese
11,554
African languages
10,448
French
8,255
798,114
Whitfield County
31.0%
29,777Spanish
28,041
Gujarati
315
Urdu
226
Arabic
184
Vietnamese
117
French
101
95,916
Hall County
27.4%
47,795Spanish
43,116
Vietnamese
1,297
French
587
German
461
Chinese
394
African languages
330
174,576
Echols County
23.2%
895Spanish
769
Other / unspecified
126
————3,863
Atkinson County
22.7%
1,718Spanish
1,645
French
26
Other West Germanic
21
Other Indic
19
German
7
—7,578
Stewart County
21.3%
1,194Spanish
1,026
Hindi
66
African languages
34
French
25
Vietnamese
9
Arabic
9
5,599
Cobb County
21.1%
141,263Spanish
80,617
African languages
8,975
French
5,078
Other Asian
4,874
Chinese
4,421
Portuguese
4,226
671,058
Clayton County
20.2%
49,554Spanish
28,479
Vietnamese
7,185
African languages
3,399
French Creole
2,642
French
1,651
Laotian
1,356
245,877
DeKalb County
18.9%
125,716Spanish
55,465
African languages
17,703
Chinese
6,465
Other Indic
6,214
French
5,368
Other Asian
4,661
663,678
Forsyth County
18.6%
34,130Spanish
14,483
Other Asian
3,709
Korean
2,457
Chinese
2,139
Hindi
1,305
Portuguese
1,046
183,422
Colquitt County
17.0%
7,197Spanish
6,926
Gujarati
80
Other Indo-European
44
Greek
36
German
30
Hindi
25
42,397
Fulton County
16.5%
152,059Spanish
63,128
Chinese
11,082
Other Asian
9,782
Hindi
7,169
French
7,033
Korean
6,675
920,128
Gordon County
15.4%
8,021Spanish
7,232
Vietnamese
242
Gujarati
119
German
61
Chinese
47
Other Indic
42
52,199
Habersham County
15.4%
6,286Spanish
5,260
Laotian
496
Tagalog / Filipino
88
Gujarati
62
German
59
Russian
54
40,933
Chattahoochee County
15.2%
1,636Spanish
1,042
Other Indic
163
Italian
85
German
67
Korean
59
Other Pacific Island
51
10,795
Telfair County
14.8%
2,318Spanish
2,265
Chinese
16
French
11
Laotian
9
Arabic
9
Russian
8
15,672
Clarke County
14.3%
16,283Spanish
10,329
Chinese
1,271
Korean
813
Hindi
339
German
307
Gujarati
304
113,956
Polk County
13.9%
5,329Spanish
4,790
German
109
Hindi
95
Arabic
91
Vietnamese
74
Japanese
49
38,367
Murray County
13.8%
5,080Spanish
4,484
Other Indic
309
Chinese
51
German
43
Tagalog / Filipino
35
Japanese
33
36,917
Evans County
12.8%
1,279Spanish
1,124
German
49
Chinese
30
Gujarati
29
Japanese
14
Tagalog / Filipino
13
10,016
Douglas County
12.2%
15,535Spanish
10,463
African languages
1,585
Chinese
580
French Creole
485
Vietnamese
314
Other Indic
310
127,319
Barrow County
12.1%
8,125Spanish
5,492
Hmong
1,011
Other Indo-European
265
Chinese
125
Vietnamese
107
Russian
104
66,993
Cherokee County
12.1%
25,473Spanish
17,203
Russian
1,019
German
660
French
593
African languages
479
Vietnamese
457
211,322
Fayette County
11.8%
12,247Spanish
6,218
French
588
Korean
521
Hindi
516
German
494
Tagalog / Filipino
429
104,099
Tift County
11.5%
4,380Spanish
3,768
Vietnamese
328
French
93
African languages
51
Hindi
50
French Creole
38
38,038
Rockdale County
11.4%
9,290Spanish
6,648
French
348
African languages
316
Russian
275
Gujarati
256
Other Indo-European
214
81,551
Liberty County
11.3%
6,492Spanish
4,120
German
539
Chinese
516
Korean
228
Tagalog / Filipino
184
Portuguese
138
57,539
Tattnall County
10.8%
2,580Spanish
2,268
French
61
Tagalog / Filipino
47
Arabic
41
Korean
37
German
32
23,817
Rabun County
10.6%
1,640Spanish
1,382
Italian
40
Gujarati
34
Hindi
33
German
29
French
25
15,536
Long County
10.5%
1,587Spanish
1,383
Other Asian
144
Japanese
30
German
19
Other Pacific Island
6
African languages
5
15,163
Peach County
10.4%
2,657Spanish
2,046
African languages
108
Urdu
76
Korean
74
Vietnamese
63
Gujarati
54
25,496
Gilmer County
9.9%
2,686Spanish
2,444
Chinese
91
French
79
German
48
Vietnamese
16
Urdu
8
27,194
Henry County
9.9%
19,593Spanish
8,824
French Creole
1,452
Gujarati
1,379
African languages
984
French
961
Hindi
679
198,723
Columbia County
9.8%
12,459Spanish
5,259
Korean
1,162
Chinese
947
German
790
Vietnamese
639
Other Asian
437
127,472
Charlton County
9.7%
1,210Spanish
1,165
German
17
Vietnamese
15
Tagalog / Filipino
6
French Creole
3
Portuguese
2
12,468
Coffee County
9.7%
3,880Spanish
3,527
Chinese
197
Other Indic
34
Korean
31
French
22
German
20
40,092
Muscogee County
9.6%
17,835Spanish
10,119
German
1,441
Korean
1,249
French
667
Gujarati
440
Tagalog / Filipino
431
185,307
Floyd County
9.5%
8,586Spanish
7,434
Gujarati
282
Vietnamese
265
French
160
Tagalog / Filipino
92
Russian
71
90,039
Grady County
9.3%
2,191Spanish
2,032
Other Asian
77
German
49
French
14
Vietnamese
7
Other Native North American
7
23,498
Jeff Davis County
9.3%
1,302Spanish
1,258
French
44
————13,986
Toombs County
9.3%
2,339Spanish
2,053
Chinese
171
Tagalog / Filipino
43
German
31
Other Pacific Island
24
French Creole
11
25,098
Appling County
9.2%
1,573Spanish
1,429
French Creole
55
Chinese
40
Tagalog / Filipino
32
Hungarian
17
—17,172
Candler County
9.2%
947Spanish
816
Gujarati
33
Japanese
28
German
24
French
16
Greek
12
10,313
Chatham County
9.2%
23,824Spanish
13,221
French
1,126
Vietnamese
1,066
Chinese
1,051
German
846
Korean
810
260,239
Glynn County
9.1%
6,944Spanish
5,069
Vietnamese
244
Chinese
210
French
180
Japanese
167
Hindi
150
76,690
Houston County
9.1%
12,480Spanish
7,208
Vietnamese
1,255
Gujarati
680
Tagalog / Filipino
501
German
421
Other Pacific Island
276
137,234
Bacon County
9.0%
951Spanish
813
Gujarati
110
Other Indo-European
16
German
12
——10,523
Coweta County
8.6%
10,739Spanish
7,072
German
736
Arabic
371
French
352
Korean
288
Vietnamese
219
124,761
Jackson County
8.1%
4,644Spanish
3,340
Hmong
474
Korean
184
French
113
German
94
Japanese
66
57,313
Marion County
8.1%
667Spanish
593
German
26
French
18
Yiddish
11
Korean
11
African languages
8
8,280
Putnam County
8.0%
1,611Spanish
1,262
Other Slavic
230
Chinese
68
Japanese
20
Hebrew
14
Russian
10
20,114
Oconee County
7.8%
2,545Spanish
1,079
Chinese
275
Other Asian
159
Hindi
158
French
134
Urdu
125
32,600
Bartow County
7.7%
7,285Spanish
5,997
Other Pacific Island
282
German
197
Urdu
163
Gujarati
160
Japanese
94
94,688
Macon County
7.3%
981Spanish
532
German
169
Vietnamese
87
Other West Germanic
77
Tagalog / Filipino
64
Arabic
31
13,350
Calhoun County
7.1%
442Spanish
299
Tagalog / Filipino
27
French Creole
26
Arabic
15
African languages
15
Other Asian
14
6,262
Carroll County
7.1%
7,501Spanish
5,783
Vietnamese
296
African languages
232
German
197
French
173
Korean
155
105,153
Brooks County
7.0%
1,028Spanish
820
Hindi
60
Arabic
42
German
40
French
30
French Creole
17
14,685
Dooly County
7.0%
958Spanish
885
Other Indic
29
Chinese
14
Laotian
9
Other / unspecified
9
French
4
13,616
Montgomery County
6.9%
583Spanish
544
Other Asian
23
Chinese
12
African languages
3
French
1
—8,441
Newton County
6.6%
6,343Spanish
3,575
Russian
352
Vietnamese
332
African languages
329
French
255
French Creole
223
95,635
Paulding County
6.5%
8,871Spanish
5,282
French
555
African languages
460
French Creole
360
Arabic
267
Urdu
245
137,363
Sumter County
6.5%
1,885Spanish
1,424
Chinese
170
French
114
Vietnamese
62
African languages
25
Hebrew
18
29,179
Turner County
6.5%
507Spanish
398
Hindi
45
Other Indo-European
24
German
17
African languages
15
Arabic
8
7,855
Lowndes County
6.4%
6,709Spanish
3,952
Gujarati
670
French
320
Chinese
309
Korean
291
German
163
105,013
Bryan County
6.3%
1,945Spanish
1,128
Vietnamese
124
German
102
Chinese
94
Russian
73
Other Indic
55
30,794
Camden County
6.2%
2,948Spanish
2,020
Tagalog / Filipino
226
Gujarati
117
German
103
Chinese
99
French
70
47,548
Madison County
6.2%
1,640Spanish
1,212
Other Asian
133
Thai
48
Other Indo-European
44
Other Indic
42
German
37
26,600
Jenkins County
6.0%
509Spanish
412
French Creole
69
Korean
20
French
8
——8,436
Richmond County
5.9%
11,002Spanish
5,476
German
1,055
Korean
512
Other Asian
512
French
414
Hindi
403
186,763
Walton County
5.7%
4,615Spanish
2,455
French Creole
435
Hmong
424
Other Indo-European
282
French
229
Tagalog / Filipino
119
80,691
Banks County
5.6%
972Spanish
746
Gujarati
183
Laotian
18
German
15
Vietnamese
10
—17,353
Elbert County
5.5%
1,006Spanish
875
French
43
Other Native North American
32
Korean
20
Russian
10
German
9
18,324
Ware County
5.5%
1,824Spanish
1,164
French
144
Korean
130
German
97
Gujarati
87
Hindi
61
33,261
Berrien County
5.4%
966Spanish
742
Tagalog / Filipino
106
German
64
Other West Germanic
25
French
17
Other Asian
11
17,832
Greene County
5.4%
826Spanish
712
Other Indo-European
39
Other Asian
33
Italian
12
French
11
German
6
15,315
Lee County
5.4%
1,453Spanish
675
African languages
150
Arabic
145
Urdu
136
Gujarati
122
Tagalog / Filipino
70
27,066
Franklin County
5.3%
1,094Spanish
799
Portuguese
54
Vietnamese
54
French
52
Russian
26
Hindi
22
20,832
Cook County
5.2%
825Spanish
702
German
71
Hindi
27
Gujarati
15
Japanese
7
French
3
15,860
Jasper County
5.2%
671Spanish
533
German
79
Greek
17
Hindi
17
Chinese
7
Thai
7
12,807
Lumpkin County
5.2%
1,536Spanish
1,105
French
71
German
68
Scandinavian
67
Korean
64
Russian
46
29,473
Pulaski County
5.2%
567Spanish
541
Chinese
17
Scandinavian
5
Korean
4
——11,000
Schley County
5.2%
251Spanish
243
Tagalog / Filipino
8
————4,850
Troup County
5.2%
3,310Spanish
1,596
Korean
510
Other Indic
238
Arabic
206
French Creole
120
German
97
64,233
Wayne County
5.2%
1,451Spanish
1,236
French Creole
44
German
26
Other West Germanic
25
French
21
Italian
17
27,939
Ben Hill County
5.1%
823Spanish
819
German
4
————16,108
Bibb County
4.9%
6,995Spanish
3,606
Other Indic
535
Gujarati
502
African languages
320
Chinese
276
Korean
231
143,649
Bulloch County
4.8%
3,284Spanish
1,625
Korean
219
Arabic
180
Chinese
176
African languages
161
Gujarati
114
68,303
Harris County
4.8%
1,483Spanish
941
German
129
French
112
Tagalog / Filipino
57
Korean
48
Other Indic
35
31,183
Pierce County
4.8%
854Spanish
826
French
16
Other Native North American
8
Korean
4
——17,661
Chattooga County
4.6%
1,106Spanish
1,014
Other Indic
36
French Creole
13
German
10
Gujarati
10
French
8
23,873
Spalding County
4.6%
2,733Spanish
1,991
Gujarati
242
German
123
Navajo
94
Chinese
48
French
44
59,542
Dawson County
4.4%
937Spanish
606
Other Indo-European
84
German
78
Other Slavic
75
Other Asian
38
Korean
21
21,504
Thomas County
4.4%
1,837Spanish
1,293
Chinese
208
German
65
Gujarati
58
Other Indic
53
Tagalog / Filipino
41
41,883
Union County
4.4%
930Spanish
635
German
177
Chinese
28
Tagalog / Filipino
25
Other West Germanic
23
Korean
14
20,992
Effingham County
4.3%
2,208Spanish
1,318
Gujarati
186
Hindi
163
French
157
German
88
Chinese
72
51,166
Emanuel County
4.3%
913Spanish
841
German
27
French
16
Arabic
16
Korean
9
Chinese
4
21,184
Crisp County
4.2%
903Spanish
479
French
118
Hindi
91
Korean
63
Gujarati
28
Vietnamese
26
21,628
White County
4.2%
1,104Spanish
877
German
68
French
35
Other West Germanic
26
Vietnamese
23
Italian
21
26,471
Clay County
4.1%
116Gujarati
62
Spanish
46
Korean
8
———2,816
Wilkes County
4.1%
383Spanish
311
Vietnamese
43
Other Asian
9
Other Indic
8
Portuguese
7
Urdu
3
9,365
Baldwin County
4.0%
1,724Spanish
879
Other Asian
213
Korean
114
Other Indic
110
Hindi
106
Vietnamese
87
43,401
Dodge County
4.0%
803Spanish
565
Chinese
96
German
50
French
31
Armenian
31
Other West Germanic
11
19,951
Stephens County
3.9%
940Spanish
679
German
87
Korean
58
Hindi
36
French
29
African languages
25
24,334
Monroe County
3.8%
958Spanish
519
Gujarati
151
French Creole
69
Arabic
54
Korean
43
German
37
25,460
Fannin County
3.7%
852Spanish
481
Vietnamese
116
German
75
French
69
Hebrew
52
Other Native North American
22
22,762
Catoosa County
3.6%
2,207Spanish
1,052
Vietnamese
240
German
232
Laotian
202
Korean
130
Gujarati
108
61,588
Dade County
3.6%
568Spanish
309
Vietnamese
142
Russian
51
German
31
French
20
Portuguese
11
15,651
Hancock County
3.6%
301Spanish
203
French
31
Tagalog / Filipino
27
German
26
African languages
6
Other Indic
5
8,458
Lanier County
3.6%
341Spanish
294
Tagalog / Filipino
20
German
16
Japanese
11
——9,539
Mitchell County
3.6%
769Spanish
660
Other Pacific Island
40
Hebrew
22
French
18
Other Indo-European
12
Arabic
12
21,546
Decatur County
3.5%
887Spanish
674
German
67
Japanese
43
Other Indo-European
36
Chinese
23
French
19
25,513
Towns County
3.5%
365German
118
Other Indo-European
84
Spanish
65
Japanese
33
French
29
Scandinavian
18
10,337
Wilcox County
3.5%
300Spanish
211
Vietnamese
41
Other West Germanic
29
Chinese
8
Urdu
6
Other Indo-European
5
8,516
Clinch County
3.4%
209Spanish
135
German
41
Urdu
18
Vietnamese
11
Other Indo-European
4
—6,166
Pickens County
3.4%
955Spanish
663
German
115
Gujarati
111
Polish
22
Italian
16
Other West Germanic
8
28,339
Dougherty County
3.3%
2,873Spanish
1,717
African languages
194
French Creole
121
Tagalog / Filipino
118
Gujarati
107
German
76
86,354
Burke County
3.2%
680Spanish
535
German
40
Tagalog / Filipino
37
Arabic
32
Chinese
26
French
10
21,347
Butts County
3.2%
709Spanish
512
Hebrew
60
Other Indic
52
Chinese
25
Other Indo-European
13
Arabic
13
22,093
Oglethorpe County
3.2%
447Spanish
302
German
36
Russian
32
Greek
24
Tagalog / Filipino
17
French
10
13,862
Hart County
3.1%
734Spanish
565
Mon-Khmer / Cambodian
32
Vietnamese
29
Arabic
24
German
22
Scandinavian
19
24,020
Laurens County
3.1%
1,383Spanish
836
Gujarati
100
Vietnamese
95
French
62
Hindi
59
Japanese
40
44,705
Jefferson County
2.9%
440Spanish
342
Portuguese
37
French
25
Japanese
14
Polish
6
Other Indic
5
15,267
McDuffie County
2.9%
585Spanish
465
German
57
French
37
Japanese
18
Chinese
8
—20,081
Randolph County
2.9%
187Gujarati
104
Spanish
60
Arabic
18
German
5
——6,539
Morgan County
2.8%
478Spanish
353
Gujarati
29
African languages
20
French
19
Portuguese
18
Polish
18
16,929
Washington County
2.8%
538Spanish
368
French
40
Vietnamese
27
Other Indo-European
24
Urdu
22
Korean
17
19,541
Lamar County
2.7%
467Spanish
280
Tagalog / Filipino
48
Chinese
36
French
32
Persian
14
African languages
13
17,112
Talbot County
2.7%
168Spanish
118
German
21
Italian
10
French
8
Other Native North American
7
Other Asian
4
6,214
Screven County
2.6%
346Spanish
147
African languages
80
German
66
Tagalog / Filipino
14
Other Slavic
10
French
8
13,254
Upson County
2.6%
640Spanish
504
Other Indo-European
57
Hindi
32
Other West Germanic
25
German
16
Italian
6
24,774
Worth County
2.6%
518Spanish
402
Other Pacific Island
30
Russian
29
Korean
27
Portuguese
12
German
12
19,860
McIntosh County
2.5%
330Spanish
196
French
31
Japanese
27
Italian
25
French Creole
19
Arabic
18
13,334
Taylor County
2.5%
201Spanish
173
French
18
German
10
———7,942
Warren County
2.5%
132Gujarati
63
Spanish
42
French
17
Tagalog / Filipino
8
German
2
—5,226
Wheeler County
2.4%
181Spanish
172
Vietnamese
9
————7,599
Bleckley County
2.2%
267Spanish
208
German
34
Tagalog / Filipino
10
French Creole
9
Hindi
6
—12,030
Lincoln County
2.2%
159Spanish
97
Chinese
23
German
18
French Creole
12
Other West Germanic
9
—7,358
Seminole County
2.2%
179Spanish
129
Tagalog / Filipino
39
Hebrew
11
———8,293
Baker County
2.1%
67Spanish
57
Hindi
10
————3,175
Meriwether County
2.1%
430Spanish
268
Gujarati
47
French Creole
36
German
19
Korean
16
Arabic
16
20,083
Walker County
2.1%
1,329Spanish
909
French
77
Other Indic
76
Vietnamese
74
Serbo-Croatian
43
Tagalog / Filipino
40
64,470
Haralson County
2.0%
525Spanish
303
Vietnamese
54
Gujarati
50
Laotian
31
Thai
27
Tagalog / Filipino
20
26,821
Webster County
2.0%
53Spanish
53
—————2,602
Pike County
1.8%
305Spanish
244
French
41
Vietnamese
7
Italian
6
German
5
Other Slavic
1
16,931
Brantley County
1.7%
300Korean
107
Spanish
88
French
49
Chinese
33
German
12
Hindi
11
17,233
Crawford County
1.6%
189Spanish
111
German
20
Hindi
18
French
16
Italian
13
Other Slavic
7
11,880
Quitman County
1.6%
36African languages
20
Korean
9
German
7
———2,232
Wilkinson County
1.6%
142Spanish
91
French
33
Italian
10
German
4
Vietnamese
3
Tagalog / Filipino
1
8,795
Irwin County
1.5%
134Spanish
90
French Creole
16
Other Slavic
9
Tagalog / Filipino
8
French
6
Serbo-Croatian
5
8,856
Treutlen County
1.4%
88Spanish
76
French
7
Chinese
5
———6,458
Taliaferro County
1.3%
21Other Asian
9
French
5
Russian
4
Spanish
3
——1,635
Early County
1.2%
118African languages
50
Spanish
48
Other Indic
9
Arabic
5
Italian
3
Tagalog / Filipino
3
9,876
Jones County
1.2%
329Thai
118
Spanish
109
Gujarati
21
Chinese
19
Japanese
17
Tagalog / Filipino
14
27,144
Terrell County
1.1%
98Spanish
54
Scandinavian
12
Tagalog / Filipino
6
Chinese
4
Japanese
4
Laotian
4
8,554
Glascock County
0.9%
26Spanish
11
Russian
11
Other Indo-European
4
———2,931
Johnson County
0.7%
65Spanish
45
Japanese
17
Portuguese
3
———9,332
Heard County
0.3%
37Spanish
26
French
6
Tagalog / Filipino
4
Japanese
1
——10,899
Miller County
0.3%
16Spanish
9
German
6
Other / unspecified
1
———5,562
Twiggs County
0.2%
17Spanish
17
—————8,029
No counties found.

About the Data

Data on this page comes from the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey 2011–2015 5-Year Estimates, table B16001, Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over. Statewide and county estimates use the same Census table so the figures can be compared consistently across the page.

The estimates describe languages spoken at home among residents age 5 and older. Census estimates include margins of error, particularly for smaller counties and less common language groups.